Deep-sea Corals
Corals like gorgonian sea fans and bamboo corals create vital deep-sea habitats; acidification impacts are still unclear, but are expected to be adverse.
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Species Role
While most people think of shallow water reefs when they think of corals, the deep-sea hosts an expansive habitat of corals far beneath the surface. These cold-water coral reefs can support a diversity of life and form important fishery habitat and nursery grounds.
Protecting Mid-Atlantic Deep-Sea Corals
Deep-sea surveys conducted by NOAA from 2012-2015 in the Mid-Atlantic, discovered an abundance of gorgonian sea fans and bamboo corals. In January of 2017, the new Frank R. Lautenberg Deep-Sea Coral Protection Area was created, safeguarding approximately 40,000 square miles of deep-sea coral habitat offshore from New York to Virginia. This area hosts a diversity of cold-water corals that are now protected from many types of commercial bottom fishing gear.
Acidification Effects on Deep-Sea Corals
There have been few conclusive studies on the effects of acidification on deep-sea corals and effects often vary by species. While some research indicates that acidification may negatively impact cold-water stony corals, deep-sea explorations have observed resilience of scleractinian corals exposed to acidic conditions (aragonite saturation Ω < 1) (Thresher et al., 2011). The mechanisms enabling them to thrive despite unfavorable calcification conditions remain mysterious. However, the capacity of deep-sea corals to alter their internal carbonate chemistry in favor of calcification has been proposed as a plausible explanation.
While there is contradictory evidence regarding the potential consequences of future ocean acidification levels on deep-sea corals, there is widespread agreement concerning its probable adverse effects. Acidification is expected to reduce the concentration of dissolved minerals needed for corals to make their skeletons, making it harder for corals to grow and repair themselves. Moreover, their slow growth and limited ability to recover make them particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic activities such as bottom trawling, seabed mining, cable and pipe laying, and oil and gas exploration.
References
Baco, A. R., Morgan, N., Roark, E. B., Silva, M., Shamberger, K. E., & Miller, K. (2017). Defying dissolution: discovery of deep-sea scleractinian coral reefs in the North Pacific. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 5436. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05492-w
Cairns, S. D. (2007). Deep-water corals: an overview with special reference to diversity and distribution of deep-water scleractinian corals. Bulletin of Marine Science, 81(3), 311-322.
Fillinger, L., & Richter, C. (2013). Vertical and horizontal distribution of Desmophyllum dianthus in Comau Fjord, Chile: a cold-water coral thriving at low pH. PeerJ, 1, e194. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.194
Fisher, R., O’Leary, R. A., Low-Choy, S., Mengersen, K., Knowlton, N., Brainard, R. E., & Caley, M. J. (2015). Species richness on coral reefs and the pursuit of convergent global estimates. Current Biology, 25(4), 500-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.022
Guinotte JM, Orr J, Cairns S, Freiwald A, Morgan L, George R. 2006. Will human-induced changes in seawater chemistry alter the distribution of deep-sea scleractinian corals? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4:141-146. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2006)004[0141:WHCISC]2.0.CO;2
Hennige, S. J., Wicks, L. C., Kamenos, N. A., Perna, G., Findlay, H. S., & Roberts, J. M. (2015). Hidden impacts of ocean acidification to live and dead coral framework. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282(1813), 20150990. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0990
Kurman, M. D., Gomez, C. E., Georgian, S. E., Lunden, J. J., & Cordes, E. E. (2017). Intra-specific variation reveals potential for adaptation to ocean acidification in a cold-water coral from the Gulf of Mexico. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4, 111. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00111
Raybaud, V., Tambutté, S., Ferrier-Pagès, C., Reynaud, S., Venn, A. A., Tambutté, É., Nival, P, and Allemand, D. (2017). Computing the carbonate chemistry of the coral calcifying medium and its response to ocean acidification. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 424, 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.04.028
Roberts, J. M., Wheeler, A. J., & Freiwald, A. (2006). Reefs of the deep: the biology and geology of cold-water coral ecosystems. Science, 312(5773), 543-547. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1119861
Thresher, R., Tilbrook, B., Fallon, S., Wilson, N., & Adkins, J. (2011). Effects of chronic low carbonate saturation levels on the distribution, growth and skeletal chemistry of deep-sea corals and other seamount megabenthos. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 442, 87–99. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09400
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