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<p>tackling the challenges of Ocean Acidification in the Mid-Atlantic Region, together.</p>


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Resources

A wealth of informational resources on estuarine, coastal, and ocean acidification in the Mid-Atlantic

RESOURCES

REFERENCE LIBRARY

Macan Resources

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NOAA Coastal Acidification Animation Tool

NOAA’s Ocean Acidification Program

Coastal Acidification in the Classroom

Cultural Resources and Ocean Acidification: Preserving History along the Mid-Atlantic Coast

MACAN 2019 Workshop Final Report

MACAN 5/17 State of the Science Workshop Final Report

Monitoring Acidification in the Mid-Atlantic Fact Sheet

Shipwrecks, Oyster Middens, and Artifacts

Recommended Priorities for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal and Ocean Acidification in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic

A Research Strategy for Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal and Sequestration

Creating a Coastal Acidification Module for Mid-Atlantic Teachers

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            What’s Driving the Changes to the Mid-Atlantic’s Coastal Chemistry?          </h4>
                
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          <p>Bacteria, bad weather, fertilizer, and shellfish have something big in common: they all influence the acidity of the Mid-Atlantic’s coastal waters. Carbon dioxide is a major part of the problem, but factors like local rivers and even the mud in marshes are intensifying coastal acidification.<br />
1. CO2<br />
The ocean absorbs a quarter of the carbon dioxide (CO2) we produce, leading to complex chemical reactions, including the formation of carbonic acid (the same corrosive chemical that makes soda fizzy) and the release of hydrogen ions, the amount of which dictates a solution’s pH. The more hydrogen ions, the more acidic the water, and the lower the pH value. </p>
<p>Some hydrogen ions go on to bond with and remove carbonate ions, which are a vital ingredient in the recipe to build shells and hard structures for scallops and mollusks. As a result, ocean and coastal acidification can lead to too few carbonate ions and too much carbonic acid that can dissolve shells or make them difficult to build.</p>
<p>2. Fresh water inputs<br />
The Mid-Atlantic region has many large rivers that flow into coastal areas like Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and Long Island Sound. Fresh water impacts coastal chemistry because it can’t maintain a stable pH when acids or bases are present. Rivers tend to be slightly more acidic than seawater and recent record-breaking rainfall is contributing to flooding and lower coastal pH. However, not all rivers are acidic all the time; if a river passes over calcium-rich rocks like limestone, the water&#8217;s pH rises and may actually lessen coastal acidification. </p>
<p>3. Runoff<br />
As freshwater streams and rivers travel through land, they pick up and carry contaminants downstream like pesticides, excess nutrient-rich fertilizer, food waste, and sewage; when the rivers eventually dump into coastal waters, the nutrients cause naturally-occuring algae populations to spike, a process called “eutrophication.” (See 4.) Reducing runoff may help ease acidic conditions on the coast.</p>
<p>4. Cycle of Eutrophication<br />
Like terrestrial plants, algae and phytoplankton grow by taking in CO2, sunlight, and nutrients, and they produce oxygen as a byproduct. </p>
<p>If more nutrients are added,  phytoplankton grow faster, using up additional CO2 and raising the pH of the water, especially at the sunlight-rich surface. </p>
<p>When the algae&#8217;s growth outpaces animals’ ability to eat it, the excess dies and sinks to the bottom, where it becomes food for decomposing bacteria. As they break down the algae, the bacteria release CO2 and use up oxygen, worsening coastal acidification and creating hypoxic, or low-oxygen bottom water. This low-pH/low oxygen pattern is repeated seasonally, with a peak in summer when sunlight is most plentiful. </p>
<p>5. Upwelling<br />
Oceanic waters can also contribute to coastal acidification. Deep ocean water is cut off from the surface where plants produce oxygen and CO2 is absorbed. During the spring and summer, deep ocean water enters coastal areas through a process called “upwelling.” Low oxygen, high-CO2 upwelling water mixes with coastal water, contributing to variations in coastal acidification conditions. </p>
<p>6. Nightly shifts<br />
Coastal acidification is influenced by growth and decomposition of algae (see Step 4), which means pH varies from day to night.  </p>
<p>Once the sun sets, algae&#8217;s CO2 uptake, growth, and oxygen production slow, while animals and bacteria continue to generate CO2, causing pH to fall. </p>
<p>Water has less oxygen, lower pH and fewer carbonate ions with which animals can construct their shells. It is possible for nightly conditions to become so extreme that they corrode shells, especially those of younger, smaller animals. </p>
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What’s Driving the Changes to the Mid-Atlantic’s Coastal Chemistry?

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<p>MACAN’s committed to understanding, predicting, and mitigating the impact of acidification on our oceans and coastal ecosystems.</p>


<p>A collaborative team committed to addressing the pressing environmental issue of coastal acidification in our region.</p>


What is Acidification

<p>Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide drives ocean acidification, lowering pH.</p>


<p>Diverse monitoring addresses complex coastal and estuarine acidification drivers.</p>


<p>Factors such as geography, climate, and human activities vary across different regions, impacting the extent and rate of ocean acidification.</p>


<p>Ocean acidification is driven by excess global carbon dioxide and water pollution from land runoff, and there are ways communities can help.</p>


Species Impact

<p>Converting ocean acidification data into insights about the species living in our water.</p>


<p>Microscopic marine plants that form the base of ocean food webs.</p>


<p>Blue crabs are crucial to Mid-Atlantic ecology and economy.</p>


<p>Gorgonian sea fans and bamboo corals create vital deep-sea habitats.</p>


<p>A diverse group of animals vital to fisheries.</p>


<p>Mid-Atlantic finfish are essential to marine ecosystems and economies alike.</p>


<p>Vital food web organisms with varying responses.</p>


<p>SAV, including eelgrass, provide vital coastal habitat.</p>


<p>Highly complex webs of species that mix in space and time.</p>


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OA Policy and mCDR

<p>Ocean acidification action planning is states coordinating efforts to monitor, mitigate, and build resilience against acidification threats.</p>


<p>Marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR) is a technique being investigated to mitigate climate change.</p>


<p>A wealth of informational resources on estuarine, coastal, and ocean acidification in the Mid-Atlantic.</p>


<p>References on estuarine, coastal, and ocean acidification in the Mid-Atlantic.</p>


<p>Explore concise fact sheets and publications for key insights and actionable information.</p>


<p>&#8220;Access and utilize data resources for in-depth analysis and informed decision-making.</p>


<p>Discover tools and materials designed to support educators in teaching and inspiring students.</p>


<p>Review detailed workshop reports for insights, outcomes, and actionable recommendations.</p>


<p>Visualize key information and data through engaging and easy-to-understand infographics.</p>


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