Carbon dioxide gas dissolves so readily in seawater that approximately one quarter of human caused CO₂ emissions become sequestered in the ocean. Once in the ocean, CO₂ combines with water to form a weak acid, resulting in a change in the chemistry of the sea.
Ocean acidification also influences CO₂-driven changes in the solubility of calcium carbonate minerals (CaCO₃) used by many marine plants and animals to build their shells and skeletons.
The solubility of CaCO₃ minerals depend on the amount of dissolved carbonate ions in seawater.
More CO₂ and lower pH reduces the concentration of carbonate ions, making it more difficult for many organisms to make shell material.
Bacterial respiration not only consumes oxygen, but also produces CO₂, which results in seasonal decreases in pH in excess of the acidification driven by the atmospheric CO₂. This is a particularly serious issue compounding acidification in the Mid-Atlantic estuaries.
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